Exploring the migration of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs in Birmingham by ward concentration and deprivation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59670/ml.v18i3.868Keywords:
Birmingham, deprivation, ethno-religious clustering, internal migration, segregation, Hindus, Muslims, SikhsAbstract
This paper explores the migration within as well as migration to Birmingham of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. It provides analysis and reflection on the relationship between migration, faith group concentration and deprivation. The findings demonstrate how Muslim, Hindu and Sikh migration trends differ for specific wards characterised by contrasting levels of both socio-economic disadvantage and faith group clustering. Hindus are shown to migrate to more affluent areas, however this does not necessarily translate to moving away from wards where there are clusters of the same faith group, as discussion on Hall Green illustrates. Muslims, on the other hand, displayed a greater propensity to move away from wards with high concentrations of the same faith group, yet this did not also result in moving to more affluent wards.
Metrics
References
Abbas, T. (2006) Muslims in Birmingham, UK Background Paper for COMPAS, University
of Oxford. https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/RR-2008 Muslims_Cohesion_Birmingham.pdf
Attwood, C., Gurchand, S., Duncan, P., and Creasey, R. (2003) 2001 Home Office
Citizenship Survey: People, Families and Communities, Home Office Research Study 270. London: Home Office.
Awan, I. (2014) Operation ‘Trojan Horse’: Islamophobia or extremism? Political Insight 5
(2): 38-39
Ballard, R. (2008). Inside and outside: Contrasting perspectives on the dynamics of kinship
and marriage in contemporary South Asian transnational networks. in Grillo, R. (ed.) The Family in Question: Immigrants and Minorities in Multicultural Europe University of Amsterdam Press
Battu, H. and Mwale, M. (2004) Ethnic enclaves and employment in England and Wales,
Centre for Labour Market Research, Discussion Paper 2004-02 http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2164/10/ISSN%200143-04-02.pdf;sequence=1
Bécares, L., Stafford, M. and Laurence, J. (2011) Composition, concentration and
deprivation: Exploring their association with social cohesion among different ethnic groups in the UK, Urban Studies 48 (13): 2771-787
Beck‐Gernsheim, E. (2007) Transnational lives, transnational marriages: a review of the
evidence from migrant communities in Europe, Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs 7 (3):271-288
Bolt, G.; Ozuekren, A.S. and Phillips D. (2010) Linking Integration and Residential
Segregation, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36 (2):169-186
Cameron, D. (2014) British Values. June 15, 2014. Accessed April 17, 2016.
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/british-values-article-by-david-cameron
Cangiano, A. (2004) Mapping of race and poverty in Birmingham, Oxford Centre on
Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford. www.bhamcommunity.nhs.uk/EasySiteWeb/GatewayLink.aspx?alId=13245
Cantle, Ted. 2001. Community Cohesion: A Report of the Independent Review Chaired by
Ted Cantle. London: Home Office.
Casey, L. (2015) The Casey Review: A review into opportunity and integration,
Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk › file › The_Casey_Review_Report
Catney, G. and Simpson, L. (2010) Settlement area migration in England and Wales:
Assessing evidence for a social gradient, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35:571–584
Charsley, K., Bolognani, M., & Spencer, S. (2016). Marriage migration and integration:
interrogating assumptions in academic and policy debates. Ethnicities 17 (4):469-490
Duke-Williams, O. and Stillwell, J. (2007) Investigating the potential effects of small cell
adjustment on interaction data from the 2001 Census, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39(5) 1079 – 1100
Finney, N. and Simpson, L. (2008) Internal migration and ethnic groups: evidence for Britain
from the 2001 Census, Population, Space and Place 14 (2): 63-83
Finney, N. and Simpson, L. (2010) Sleepwalking to segregation? Challenging myths about
race and migration, Policy Press, University of Bristol
Gale, R. (2013) Religious residential segregation and internal migration: The British Muslim
case, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 45 (4):872-891
Harris, D (2008) Christian preachers face arrest in Birmingham, The Telegraph
Hussain (2007) Muslims on the Map: A National Survey of Social Trends in Britain, IB
Tauris London
Hussain, S. and Sherif, J. (2015) Minority religions in the census: the case of British
Muslims, Religion 44 (3), 414-433
Kalra, V. and Kapoor, N. (2009) Interrogating segregation, integration and the community
cohesion agenda, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35 (9): 1397-1415
Karner and Parker (2010) Conviviality and conflict: Pluralism, resilience and hope in inner-
city Birmingham, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(3):355-372
Kaufmann, E. and Harris, G. (2015) ‘White flight’ or positive contact? Local diversity and
attitudes to immigration in Britain, Comparative Political Studies 48(12):1563-1590
Krysan, M. (2002) Whites who say they’d flee: Who are they, and why would they leave?
Demography, 39 (4): 675–696
Lenton, P. & Mosley, P. (2012) Financial Exclusion and the Poverty Trap: overcoming
deprivation in the inner city, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis
Maloutas, T. (2004) Segregation and residential mobility: Spatially entrapped social mobility
and its impact on segregation in Athens, European Urban and Regional Studies. 11(3): 195-211
Mcgarrigle, J. and Kearns, A. (2009) Living apart? Place, identity and South Asian residential
choice, Housing Studies, 24 (4):451–475
Munoz, S.A. (2006) Geographies of faith: the differing residential patterns of the Indian‐
Hindu, Indian‐Sikh and Indian‐Muslim populations of Dundee and Glasgow. Population, Space and Place 16 (4): 269-285
Owen, D. (1994) Spatial variations in ethnic minority group populations in Great Britain,
Population Trends 78:23-33
Pais, J.F., South, S.J. and Crowder, K. (2009) White flight revisited: A multi-ethnic
perspective on neighborhood out-migration Population Research Policy Review, 28(3): 321–346
Peach, C. (1994) Three phases of South Asian emigration, in Brown, J. and Foots, R. (Eds)
Migration: The Asian Experience, Springer, pp. 38-55
Peach, C. (2002) Social geography: new religions and ethnoburbs - contrasts with cultural
geography, Progress in Human Geography, 26 (2): 252-260
Peach, C. (2006) Islam, ethnicity and South Asian religions in the London 2001 census,
Transaction of the Institute of British Geographer 31(3): 353-370
Phillips, D. (1998) Black minority ethnic concentration, segregation and dispersal in Britain,
Urban Studies, 35(10): 1681-1702
Phillips, D., Davis, C & Ratcliffe, P. (2006) British Asian narratives of urban space,
Transaction of the Institute of British Geographers 32(2): 217-234
Phillips, D. (2007) Ethnic and racial segregation: A critical perspective, Geography Compass,
(5): 1138-1159
Phillips, T. (2005, 22 September) After 7/7: Sleepwalking to segregation, Speech given at
Manchester City Council for Community Relations, Commission for Racial Equality, London.
Ratcliffe, P. (1981) Racism and reaction: A profile of Handsworth, Routledge and Kegan
Paul, London
Rex J. and Moore R. (1967) Race, community and conflict: A study of Sparkbrook, Oxford
University Press, Oxford
Rex, J. and S. Tomlinson (1979) Colonial Immigrants in a British City: A Class Analysis.
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Sehmi (2019) Attitude towards marriage among British Sikhs, PhD thesis, Coventry
University
Simpson, L. (2005) Measuring residential segregation. Presentation to ESRC. Available at
http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/ research/migseg.htm
Shaw, A. (2001) Kinship, cultural preference and immigration: consanguineous marriage
among British Pakistanis, Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute, 7(1):315-334.
Stillwell, J., Hussain, S. and Norman, P. (2008) The internal migration propensities and net
migration patterns of ethnic groups in Britain, Migration Letters 5 (2):135-150
Stillwell, J. and Hussain, S. (2010) Exploring the ethnic dimension of internal migration in
Great Britain using migration effectiveness and spatial connectivity, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36 (9), 1381-1403
Wei Li, (1998) Anatomy of a new ethnic settlement: The Chinese ethno-burb in Los Angeles,
Urban Studies 35(3): 479-501
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0