Narrative Review Of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Management In Adults From Various Major Guidelines

Abstract

Diabetic ketoacidosis is the most prevalent acute hyperglycaemic emergency in diabetes mellitus, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of death due to DKA than any other type of acute hyperglycaemia emergency. The most common precipitating causes of DKA include infections, a new diagnosis of diabetes, and nonadherence to insulin therapy. Despite the availability of several guidelines for managing diabetic ketoacidosis, there is a lack of comprehensive synthesis of the summary of the evidence recommendations for optimal control of DKA. This review critically scoped the major guidelines used internationally for managing DKA. This review gives an overview of the most recent guidelines for treating DKA in adults. It does this by looking at the main guidelines and focusing on the most recent changes that are specific to treating DKA and the English language used in these guidelines. The hallmarks of DKA are hyperglycaemia, ketoacidosis, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are the primary essentials for achieving better patient outcomes. The major components of therapeutic intervention encompass a comprehensive approach. The mainstays of therapy include restoration of circulating volume by fluid replacement to rehydrate the body and restore electrolyte balance, insulin therapy is administered to lower blood sugar levels and stop the production of ketones, electrolyte replacement, especially with particular importance on potassium balance in blood regular monitoring of blood glucose, electrolytes, and acid-base balance is essential to track the progress of treatment, and treatment of any underlying precipitating event that triggers DKA occurrence in diabetic patients. Discharge plans should consist of appropriate insulin regimens and interventions to prevent the recurrence of DKA through many therapeutic strategies. Encompass comprehensive patient education on insulin administration and self-management, the promotion of lifestyle modifications to regulate glucose levels.