Introduction to Special Issue on Inequalities and Youth Mobilities in Europe from Comparative Perspectives

Authors

  • Sahizer Samuk Carignani Postdoctoral researcher at the Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Luxembourg
  • Emilia Kmiotek-Meier PhD student at the Geography and Spatial Planning Department, University of Luxembourg
  • Birte Nienaber Associate Professor at Political Geography, Department of Geography and Spatial Planning University of Luxembourg
  • Volha Vysotskaya Postdoctoral researcher at the Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Luxembourg

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59670/ml.v16i1.641

Keywords:

mobility, youth, obstacles, qualitative methods, quantitative methods, correspondence analysis, Europe

Abstract

Where does youth mobility stand in the complex picture of diverse types of inequalities that affect youth and the content of their mobilities? In the light of this question, with this special issue, we look at the hindering and fostering factors in the mobility of young people, and examine different facets of mobility (social networks, transnational activities, agency, gender, household decisions) in different types of mobility (considering mobility for volunteering, vocational education and training, higher education including both credit and degree mobility, and employment). The analysis presented in the papers of this special issue will enable the identification of inequalities accompanying youth mobility at different levels. The articles in this issue reveal that when it comes to possibilities for becoming mobile, many other types of inequalities apart from the solely economic ones must be considered (Oxfam, 2016, p. 7; Hargittai and Hinnant 2008), including legal, political, social, moral inequalities (White, 2007) together with gender inequality. This special issue on “Inequalities and Youth Mobilities in Europe from Comparative Perspectives” serves the purpose of revealing how diverse types of inequalities can exist within seemingly equal societies.

 

References

Allen, K. and Hollingworth, S. (2013). 'Sticky subjects' or 'Cosmopolitan Creatives'? Social class, place and urban young people's aspirations for work in the knowledge economy. Urban Studies 50 (3): 499-517. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098012468901

Amelina, A., & Vasilache, A. (2014). The shadows of enlargement: Theorising mobility and inequality in a changing Europe. Migration Letters, 11(2), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v11i2.233

Bastianon, C. (2019). Youth Migration Aspirations in Georgia and Moldova. Migration Letters, 16(1), pp. 105-121. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.596

Bloch, A. (2017). "Other Mothers," Migration, and a Transnational Nurturing Nexus. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 43(1), 53-75. https://doi.org/10.1086/692441

Bygnes, S., & Erdal, M. B. (2017). Liquid migration, grounded lives: Considerations about future mobility and settlement among Polish and Spanish migrants in Norway. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(1), 102-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1211004

Bynner, J. (2005). Rethinking the youth phase of the life-course: The case for emerging adulthood? Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260500431628

Cairns, D. (2008). Moving in transition: Northern Ireland youth and geographical mobility. Young: Nordic Journal of Youth Research, 16(3), 227-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/110330880801600301

Cairns, D. (Ed.). (2010). Youth on the move: European youth and geographical mobility. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92331-4

Cairns, D. C. (2015). Mapping the Youth Mobility Field: Youth sociology and student mobility and migration in a European context. In: Lange, Reiter, Schutter, Steiner (eds.): Handbuch Kindheits- und Jugendsoziologie, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05676-6_34-1

Cohen, J. H., & Sirkeci, I. (2011). Cultures of Migration: The Global Nature of Contemporary Mobility. Austin: University of Texas Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00589.x

Council of Europe (2013). Establishing a Youth Guarantee. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32013H0426(01). Official Journal of the European Union.

Cuzzocrea, V. & Mandich, G. (2016). Students' narratives of the future: Imagined mobilities as forms of youth agency. Journal of Youth Studies, 19(4), 552-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1098773

Dabasi-Halász, Z., Lipták, K., Kiss, J., Manafi, I., Marinescu, D.E., Roman, M., & Lorenzo-Rodriguez, J. (2019). International youth mobility in Eastern and Western Europe – the case of the Erasmus+ programme. Migration Letters, 16(1), pp. 61-72. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.626

Diaz-Chorne, L., Suárez-Lledó, V., Lorenzo, V. (2019). It's the taking part that counts: Inequalities and simultaneous youth transnational engagement from six European countries. Migration Letters, 16(1), pp. 73-91. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.628

Elder, G. H. (1995). "Life trajectories in changing societies", in A. Bandura (Ed.). Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies (pp. 46-68). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527692.004

Eurobarometer. (2010). Geographical and Labour Market Mobility. No. 337. European Commission. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_337_en.pdf on 29 January 2018.

Eurofound. (2011). Foundation findings: Mobility in Europe - The way forward. Retrieved from https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_files/pubdocs/2007/03/en/1/ef0703en.pdf

European Commission (2013). Social Policies. Retrieved from https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/4712c372-38f8-4f3b-b6d8-16f4cc2a6c85/language-en

European Commission (2014). Erasmus+ Inclusion and Diversity Strategy, in the field of youth. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/youth/library/reports/inclusion-diversity-strategy_en.pdf

European Commission (2016). Annual Report 2016: Erasmus+ Enriching Lives. Opening Minds. Brussels

Evans, K. (2007). Concepts of bounded agency in education, work, and the personal lives of young adults. International Journal of Psychology, 42(2), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590600991237

Farugia, D. (2018). David Farugia is supporting the development of strong regional communities. Retrieved from https://www.newcastle.edu.au/profile/david-m-farrugia

Farrugia, D., Smyth, J., & Harrison, T. (2016). Moral distinctions and structural inequality: homeless youth salvaging the self. The Sociological Review, 64(2), 238-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12252

Favell, A. (2008). The new face of East–West migration in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(5), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830802105947

Fischer, P. A., & Malmberg, G. (2001). Settled people don't move: On life course and (im‐) mobility in Sweden. International Journal of Population Geography, 7(5), 357-371. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijpg.230

Geddes, A. (2005). Europe's border relationships and international migration relations. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 43(4), 787-806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2005.00596.x

Hargittai, E., & Hinnant, A. (2008). Digital inequality: Differences in young adults' use of the Internet. Communication Research, 35(5), 602-621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208321782

Hemming, K., Schlimbach, T., Tillmann, F., Nienaber, B., Roman, M. and Skrobanek, J. (2019). Structural framework conditions and individual motivations for youth-mobility: A macro-micro level approach for different European country-types. Migration Letters, 16(1), pp. 45-59. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.621

Herz, A., Diaz-Chorne, L., Díaz-Catalán, C., Alice, A. and Samuk, Ş. (2019). Are you mobile, too? The role played by social networks in the intention to move abroad among youth in Europe. Migration Letters, 16(1), pp. 93-104. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.622

Interview (2018). David Farrugia is supporting the development of strong regional communities. Retrieved from https://www.newcastle.edu.au/profile/david-m-farrugia

King, R., Lulle, A., Morosanu, L., & Williams, A. (2016). International youth mobility and life transitions in Europe: Questions, definitions, typologies and theoretical approaches. Working paper. Sussex Centre for Migration Research.

Kmiotek-Meier, E., Skrobanek, J., Nienaber, B., Vysotskaya, V., Samuk, S., Ardic, T., Pavlova, I., Dabasi-Halázs, Z., Diaz, C., Bissinger, J., Schlimbach, T. & Horvath, K. (2019). Why is it so hard? And for whom? Obstacles in the intra-EU mobility. Migration Letters, 16(1), pp. 31-44. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.627

Makkai, B., Máté, É., Pirisi, G., & Trócsányi, A. (2017). Where Have All the Youngsters Gone? The Background and Consequences of Young Adults' Outmigration from Hungarian Small Towns. European Countryside, 9(4), 789-807. https://doi.org/10.1515/euco-2017-0044

Manderscheid, K. (2014). Criticising the solitary mobile subject: Researching relational mobilities and reflecting on mobile methods. Mobilities, 9(2), 188–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2013.830406

Mills, M., & Blossfeld, H. P. (2006). Globalization, uncertainty and the early life course. In: Blossfeld, Klijzing, Mills & Kurz (eds.): Globalization, uncertainty and youth in society: the losers in a globalizing world, 1-23.

Möhring, K. (2016). Life course regimes in Europe: individual employment histories in comparative and historical perspective. Journal of European Social Policy, 26(2), 124-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928716633046

Nussbaum, M. (2000). Women and human development: the capabilities approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841286

O'Reilly, J., Eichhorst, W., Gábos, A., Hadjivassiliou, K., Kurakova, L., Lain, D., Leschke, J., McGuiness, S., Nazio, T., Ortlieb R., Russell, H. & Villa, P. (2015). Five characteristics of youth unemployment in Europe: Flexibility, education, migration, family legacies, and EU policy. Sage Open, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015574962

Oxfam. (2016) Youth and Inequality: Time to support youth as agents of their own future. Oxfam Briefing Paper.

Powell, J. J., & Finger, C. (2013). The Bologna Process's Model of Mobility in Europe: the relationship of its spatial and social dimensions. European Educational Research Journal, 12(2), 270-285. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2013.12.2.270

Robertson, S., Harris, A., & Baldassar, L. (2018). Mobile transitions: a conceptual framework for researching a generation on the move. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(2), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2017.1362101

Robeyns, I. (2003). Sen's capability approach and gender inequality: Selecting relevant capabilities. Feminist Economics, 9(2-3), 61-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354570022000078024

Rodriguez, R. (2013). Action research with immigrants: working with vulnerable immigrant communities. In Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies (pp. 578-589). Routledge.

Samuk, S., Nienaber, B., Bissinger, J. and Vysotskaya, V. (2018). MOVE Deliverable No. 6.7 – Final Public Project Report.

Schlimbach, H., Skrobanek, J., Kmiotek-Meier, E., Vysotskaya, V. (2019). Capturing agency in different educational settings. A comparative study on youth perceptions of mobility-framing structures. Migration Letters, 16(1), pp. 15-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.635

Sen, A. (1973). On economic inequality. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198281935.001.0001

Skrbis, Z., Woodward, I. & Bean, C. (2014). Seeds of cosmopolitan future? Young people and their aspirations for future mobility. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(5), 614-625. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.834314

Sorrentino, P. (2015). "Youth" (film)

Tevington, P. (2018). Privileged to worry: social class, cultural knowledge, and strategies toward the future among young adults. Sociological Quarterly, 59(2), 204-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2017.1389251

UNESCO (2018). Youth Definition. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/ themes/youth/youth-definition/

United Nations General Assembly (2017). Sustainable Development Goals Report. Retrieved from https://unstats. un.org/sdgs/files/report/2017/thesustainabledevelopmentgoalsreport2017.pdf

Uteng, T. P., & Cresswell, T. (2016). Gendered mobilities: Towards an holistic understanding. In Uteng, T. P., & Cresswell, T. (eds.): Gendered Mobilities (pp. 15-26). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315584201

Van Mol, C., & Timmerman, C. (2014). 'Should I stay or should I go?' An analysis of the determinants of intra-European student mobility. Population, Space and Place, 20, 465–479. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1833

Vysotskaya, V. (2017). Is Luxembourg an attractive destination for European young workers for boosting their careers? The activation of young workers' skills in entering job markets abroad. Tér és Társadalom 14, 118-130.

Walther, A. (2001). Misleading trajectories: Transition dilemmas of young adults in Europe. Journal of Youth Studies, 4, 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260120028574

Walther, A. (2006). Regimes of youth transitions. Choice, flexibility and security in young people's experiences across different European contexts. Young: Nordic Journal of Youth Research, 14(2): 119–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1103308806062737

White, S. (2007). Equality (key concepts). Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.

Windzio, M. (2013). Integration and inequality in educational institutions: an institutional perspective. In Windzio, M. (ed.): Integration and inequality in educational institutions (pp. 3-18). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6119-3

Yoon, K. (2014). Transnational youth mobility in the neoliberal economy of experience. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(8), 1014-1028. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.878791

Downloads

Published

2018-12-31

How to Cite

Samuk Carignani, S., Kmiotek-Meier, E., Nienaber, B., & Vysotskaya, V. (2018). Introduction to Special Issue on Inequalities and Youth Mobilities in Europe from Comparative Perspectives. Migration Letters, 16(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.59670/ml.v16i1.641