The Effect of Health Environment on Migration Flows
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59670/ml.v16i4.594Keywords:
Moral education, Japan, spirituality, textbooks, workplace journalsAbstract
International migration has become more popular recently in the globalization context. The recorded number of international migration cases is much fewer than the actual number in the last few decades. Migration is considered to have various consequences in both origin and destination countries. Understanding determinants of migration is necessary for long-term sustainable development policies. This study examines a causal relationship between health environment and migration flows by exploiting a panel country level data set on health indicators and net migration from 1940 to 1987. An increase in life expectancy at birth has led to a decrease in net migration in the whole sample countries as well as in non-poor countries. By using global mortality rate constructed based on information on the reduction in mortality following the epidemiological transition in 1940s as instrumental variable, 2SLS methodology allows controlling for endogeneity problem. The results are robust even applying various additional tests. Overall, health environment has a negative effect on migration flows.Metrics
References
Acemoglu, D., & Johnson, S. (2007). Disease and Development: The effect of life expectancy on economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 115(6), 925-985.
https://doi.org/10.1086/529000
Acemoglu, D., & Johnson, S. (2014). Disease and development: A reply to Bloom, Canning, and Fink. Journal of Political Economy, 122(6), 1367-1375.
https://doi.org/10.1086/677190
Anderson, T. W., & Rubin, H. (1949). Estimation of the parameters of a single equation in a complete system of stochastic equations. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 20(1), 46-63.
https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730090
Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Fink, G. (2014). Disease and development Revisited. Journal of Political Economy, 122(6), 1355-1366.
https://doi.org/10.1086/677189
Brimblecombe, N., Dorling, D., & Shaw, M. (1999). Mortality and migration in Britain, first results from the British Household Panel Survey. Social science & medicine, 49(7), 981-988.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00195-1
Clark, P. F., Stewart, J. B., & Clark, D. A. (2006). The globalization of the labour market for health‐care professionals. International Labour Review, 145(1-2), 37-64.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2006.tb00009.x
Clemens, M. A. (2014). Does development reduce migration? International Handbook on Migration and Economic Development. Edward Elgar Publishing, Chapter 6, pp. 152-185.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782548072.00010
Cortes, P. (2015). The feminization of international migration and its effects on the children left behind: Evidence from the Philippines. World Development, 65, 62-78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.021
Cribier, F. (1980). A European assessment of aged migration. Research on Aging, 2(2), 255-270.
https://doi.org/10.1177/016402758022013
DaVanzo, J. (1978). Does unemployment affect migration? Evidence from micro data. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 60(4), 504-514.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1924242
De Haas, H. (2010). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective. International Migration Review, 44(1), 227-264.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x
Démurger, S., Gurgand, M., Li, S., & Yue, X. (2009). Migrants as second-class workers in urban China? A decomposition analysis. Journal of Comparative Economics, 37(4), 610-628.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2009.04.008
Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2012). Globalization, brain drain, and development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3), 681-730.
https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.3.681
Dustmann, C., Fadlon, I., & Weiss, Y. (2011). Return migration, human capital accumulation and the brain drain. Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 58-67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.04.006
Halliday, T. J., & Kimmitt, M. C. (2008). Selective migration and health in the USA, 1984-93. Population Studies, 62(3), 321-334.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720802339806
Hatton, T. J., & Williamson, J. G. (2003). Demographic and economic pressure on emigration out of Africa. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 105(3), 465-486.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9442.t01-2-00008
Hsieh, C. T., & Liu, B. C. (1983). The pursuance of better quality of life: In the long run, better quality of social life is the most important factor in migration. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 42(4), 431-440.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1983.tb01730.x
Hunt, J. (2006). Staunching emigration from East Germany: Age and the determinants of migration. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(5), 1014-1037.
https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2006.4.5.1014
Jingzhong, Y., & Lu, P. (2011). Differentiated childhoods: impacts of rural labor migration on left-behind children in China. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(2), 355-377.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.559012
Kingma, M. (2007). Nurses on the move: A global overview. Health Services Research, 42(3p2), 1281-1298.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00711.x
Koser, K., & Laczko, F. (2010). World migration report 2010. The future of migration: Building capacities for change, Geneva, Switzerland. IOM: International Organization for Migration.
Kossoudji, S. (2016). Migration and the Labor Force. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen395
Liu, B. C. (1975). Differential net migration rates and the quality of life. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 57(3), 329-337.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1923917
Mayda, A. M. (2010). International migration: A panel data analysis of the determinants of bilateral flows. Journal of Population Economics, 23(4), 1249-1274.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-009-0251-x
Oulton, J. A. (2006). The global nursing shortage: An overview of issues and actions. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 7(3), 34S-39S.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154406293968
Ozden, C., & Schiff, M. (Eds.). (2007). International migration, economic development and policy. Banco Mundial.
https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-6935-7
Pacheco, G., Rossouw, S & Lewer, J. J. (2013). Does non-economic quality of life factors drive immigration? Social Indicators Research, 110(1), 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9924-4
Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). The laws of Migration. Journal of the royal statistical society, 52(2), 241-305.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2979333
Rebhun, U., & Raveh, A. (2006). The spatial distribution of quality of life in the United States and interstate migration, 1965-1970 and 1985-1990. Social Indicators Research, 78(1), 137-178.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-8185-5
Rephann, T., & Vencatasawmy, C. (2000). Determinants of the spatial mobility of immigrants: Evidence from Sweden. The Review of Regional Studies, 30(2), 189-213.
Schwartz, A. (1976). Migration, age, and education. The Journal of Political Economy, 84(4), 701-720.
https://doi.org/10.1086/260472
Silles, M. A. (2009). The causal effect of education on health: Evidence from the United Kingdom. Economics of Education Review, 28(1), 122-128.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.02.003
Silver, B. J. (2003). Forces of labor: workers' movements and globalization since 1870. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615702
Stark, O. (1991). The migration of labor.
Todaro, M. P. (1969). A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The American economic review, 59(1), 138-148.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2016). International Migration Report 2015: Hightlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/375).
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015a). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2015 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2015).
Zhao, Y. (1999). Leaving the countryside: Rural-to-urban migration decisions in China. The American Economic Review, 89(2), 281-286.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.281
Zhou, C., Sylvia, S., Zhang, L., Luo, R., Yi, H., Liu, C., ... & Rozelle, S. (2015). China's left-behind children: impact of parental migration on health, nutrition, and educational outcomes. Health affairs, 34(11), 1964-1971.
https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0150
Zick, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wagner, U. (2008). Ethnic prejudice and discrimination in Europe. Journal of Social Issues, 64(2), 233-251.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
