A Narrative Review Of Sarcopenia And Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent and aggressive cancer often accompanied by sarcopenia, a condition of reduced muscle mass and function. This narrative review explores the complex relationship between sarcopenia and HCC, emphasizing its impact on prognosis and treatment outcomes. We discuss the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia in HCC, including inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and elevated ammonia levels. Established and emerging therapeutic targets are explored, with a focus on ghrelin mimetics, pro-inflammatory cytokine modulation, and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15). The review highlights the negative influence of sarcopenia on HCC treatment effectiveness, including surgery, ablation, radiation, and targeted drugs. We conclude by summarizing promising therapeutic options for sarcopenia management in HCC patients, including testosterone replacement therapy, vitamin D supplementation, and exercise interventions.